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Most cancer cells were weakly stained or negative. Several cases of pancreatic cancers showed strong positivity. Ovarian, lung, skin, liver and melanoma displayed moderate immunoreactivity.
In cancer tissues a variable staining pattern was observed with both negative cases and strong cytoplasmic staining within the same cancer type. Strongest staining was found in adenocarcinomas.
GENE INFORMATION
Gene name
TGM2 (HGNC Symbol)
Synonyms
TGC
Description
Transglutaminase 2 (HGNC Symbol)
Entrez gene summary
Transglutaminases are enzymes that catalyze the crosslinking of proteins by epsilon-gamma glutamyl lysine isopeptide bonds. While the primary structure of transglutaminases is not conserved, they all have the same amino acid sequence at their active sites and their activity is calcium-dependent. The protein encoded by this gene acts as a monomer, is induced by retinoic acid, and appears to be involved in apoptosis. Finally, the encoded protein is the autoantigen implicated in celiac disease. Two transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
P21980 [Direct mapping] Protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase 2 V9HWG3 [Target identity:100%; Query identity:100%] Epididymis secretory protein Li 45
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Enzymes ENZYME proteins Transferases SPOCTOPUS predicted membrane proteins THUMBUP predicted membrane proteins Predicted intracellular proteins Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
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GO:0003810 [protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase activity] GO:0005515 [protein binding] GO:0005737 [cytoplasm] GO:0005739 [mitochondrion] GO:0005783 [endoplasmic reticulum] GO:0005829 [cytosol] GO:0005925 [focal adhesion] GO:0007200 [phospholipase C-activating G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway] GO:0018149 [peptide cross-linking] GO:0031226 [intrinsic component of plasma membrane] GO:0032471 [negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion concentration] GO:0043065 [positive regulation of apoptotic process] GO:0043277 [apoptotic cell clearance] GO:0045785 [positive regulation of cell adhesion] GO:0046872 [metal ion binding] GO:0051561 [positive regulation of mitochondrial calcium ion concentration] GO:0060445 [branching involved in salivary gland morphogenesis] GO:0060662 [salivary gland cavitation] GO:0070062 [extracellular exosome]