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Most cancer tissues were weakly stained or negative. Renal cancers as well as few cases of melanoma, urothelial, thyroid and female genital cancers showed moderate positivity.
Cancer tissues generally showed moderate nuclear immunoreactivity. Strong staining was observed in a few renal cancers and showed melanomas.
GENE INFORMATION
Gene name
ATF2 (HGNC Symbol)
Synonyms
CRE-BP1, CREB2, HB16, TREB7
Description
Activating transcription factor 2 (HGNC Symbol)
Entrez gene summary
This gene encodes a transcription factor that is a member of the leucine zipper family of DNA binding proteins. The encoded protein has been identified as a moonlighting protein based on its ability to perform mechanistically distinct functions This protein binds to the cAMP-responsive element (CRE), an octameric palindrome. It forms a homodimer or a heterodimer with c-Jun and stimulates CRE-dependent transcription. This protein is also a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) that specifically acetylates histones H2B and H4 in vitro; thus it may represent a class of sequence-specific factors that activate transcription by direct effects on chromatin components. The encoded protein may also be involved in cell's DNA damage response independent of its role in transcriptional regulation. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants have been found for this gene [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2014]
Enzymes ENZYME proteins Transferases Predicted intracellular proteins Transcription factors Basic domains Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
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GO:0000122 [negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter] GO:0000977 [RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0000980 [RNA polymerase II distal enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0001076 [transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II transcription factor binding] GO:0001077 [transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II core promoter proximal region sequence-specific binding] GO:0001102 [RNA polymerase II activating transcription factor binding] GO:0001158 [enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0001228 [transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific binding] GO:0002224 [toll-like receptor signaling pathway] GO:0002755 [MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway] GO:0002756 [MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway] GO:0003151 [outflow tract morphogenesis] GO:0003677 [DNA binding] GO:0003682 [chromatin binding] GO:0003700 [transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0003705 [transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II distal enhancer sequence-specific binding] GO:0003713 [transcription coactivator activity] GO:0004402 [histone acetyltransferase activity] GO:0005515 [protein binding] GO:0005634 [nucleus] GO:0005654 [nucleoplasm] GO:0005737 [cytoplasm] GO:0005741 [mitochondrial outer membrane] GO:0006325 [chromatin organization] GO:0006355 [regulation of transcription, DNA-templated] GO:0006357 [regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter] GO:0006366 [transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter] GO:0006970 [response to osmotic stress] GO:0006974 [cellular response to DNA damage stimulus] GO:0008134 [transcription factor binding] GO:0008140 [cAMP response element binding protein binding] GO:0009414 [response to water deprivation] GO:0016020 [membrane] GO:0016573 [histone acetylation] GO:0019901 [protein kinase binding] GO:0031573 [intra-S DNA damage checkpoint] GO:0032915 [positive regulation of transforming growth factor beta2 production] GO:0034134 [toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway] GO:0034138 [toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway] GO:0034142 [toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway] GO:0034146 [toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway] GO:0034162 [toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway] GO:0034166 [toll-like receptor 10 signaling pathway] GO:0035497 [cAMP response element binding] GO:0035666 [TRIF-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway] GO:0035861 [site of double-strand break] GO:0038123 [toll-like receptor TLR1:TLR2 signaling pathway] GO:0038124 [toll-like receptor TLR6:TLR2 signaling pathway] GO:0043525 [positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process] GO:0043565 [sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0045087 [innate immune response] GO:0045444 [fat cell differentiation] GO:0045944 [positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter] GO:0046872 [metal ion binding] GO:0046982 [protein heterodimerization activity] GO:0050680 [negative regulation of epithelial cell proliferation] GO:0051090 [regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity] GO:0051091 [positive regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity] GO:0051403 [stress-activated MAPK cascade] GO:0060612 [adipose tissue development] GO:0097186 [amelogenesis] GO:1902110 [positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process]
Enzymes ENZYME proteins Transferases Predicted intracellular proteins Transcription factors Basic domains Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0000977 [RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0000980 [RNA polymerase II distal enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0001076 [transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II transcription factor binding] GO:0001102 [RNA polymerase II activating transcription factor binding] GO:0001158 [enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0001228 [transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific binding] GO:0002224 [toll-like receptor signaling pathway] GO:0002755 [MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway] GO:0002756 [MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway] GO:0003700 [transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0003705 [transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II distal enhancer sequence-specific binding] GO:0003713 [transcription coactivator activity] GO:0004402 [histone acetyltransferase activity] GO:0005515 [protein binding] GO:0005634 [nucleus] GO:0005654 [nucleoplasm] GO:0005737 [cytoplasm] GO:0005741 [mitochondrial outer membrane] GO:0006325 [chromatin organization] GO:0006355 [regulation of transcription, DNA-templated] GO:0006357 [regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter] GO:0006970 [response to osmotic stress] GO:0006974 [cellular response to DNA damage stimulus] GO:0008140 [cAMP response element binding protein binding] GO:0016573 [histone acetylation] GO:0019901 [protein kinase binding] GO:0031573 [intra-S DNA damage checkpoint] GO:0034134 [toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway] GO:0034138 [toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway] GO:0034142 [toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway] GO:0034146 [toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway] GO:0034162 [toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway] GO:0034166 [toll-like receptor 10 signaling pathway] GO:0035497 [cAMP response element binding] GO:0035666 [TRIF-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway] GO:0035861 [site of double-strand break] GO:0038123 [toll-like receptor TLR1:TLR2 signaling pathway] GO:0038124 [toll-like receptor TLR6:TLR2 signaling pathway] GO:0045087 [innate immune response] GO:0045944 [positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter] GO:0046872 [metal ion binding] GO:0051090 [regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity] GO:0051091 [positive regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity] GO:0051403 [stress-activated MAPK cascade] GO:1902110 [positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process]
Predicted intracellular proteins Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0003700 [transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0005654 [nucleoplasm] GO:0006355 [regulation of transcription, DNA-templated] GO:0006357 [regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter] GO:0043565 [sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0046872 [metal ion binding]
Enzymes ENZYME proteins Transferases Predicted intracellular proteins Transcription factors Basic domains Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0000977 [RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0000980 [RNA polymerase II distal enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0001076 [transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II transcription factor binding] GO:0001102 [RNA polymerase II activating transcription factor binding] GO:0001158 [enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0001228 [transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific binding] GO:0002224 [toll-like receptor signaling pathway] GO:0002755 [MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway] GO:0002756 [MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway] GO:0003700 [transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0003705 [transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II distal enhancer sequence-specific binding] GO:0003713 [transcription coactivator activity] GO:0004402 [histone acetyltransferase activity] GO:0005515 [protein binding] GO:0005634 [nucleus] GO:0005654 [nucleoplasm] GO:0005737 [cytoplasm] GO:0005741 [mitochondrial outer membrane] GO:0006325 [chromatin organization] GO:0006355 [regulation of transcription, DNA-templated] GO:0006357 [regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter] GO:0006970 [response to osmotic stress] GO:0006974 [cellular response to DNA damage stimulus] GO:0008140 [cAMP response element binding protein binding] GO:0016573 [histone acetylation] GO:0019901 [protein kinase binding] GO:0031573 [intra-S DNA damage checkpoint] GO:0034134 [toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway] GO:0034138 [toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway] GO:0034142 [toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway] GO:0034146 [toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway] GO:0034162 [toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway] GO:0034166 [toll-like receptor 10 signaling pathway] GO:0035497 [cAMP response element binding] GO:0035666 [TRIF-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway] GO:0035861 [site of double-strand break] GO:0038123 [toll-like receptor TLR1:TLR2 signaling pathway] GO:0038124 [toll-like receptor TLR6:TLR2 signaling pathway] GO:0043565 [sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0045087 [innate immune response] GO:0045944 [positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter] GO:0046872 [metal ion binding] GO:0051090 [regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity] GO:0051091 [positive regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity] GO:0051403 [stress-activated MAPK cascade] GO:1902110 [positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process]
Predicted intracellular proteins Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0003700 [transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0005634 [nucleus] GO:0006357 [regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter]
Predicted intracellular proteins Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0003700 [transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0005634 [nucleus] GO:0006355 [regulation of transcription, DNA-templated] GO:0006357 [regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter] GO:0043565 [sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0046872 [metal ion binding]
Enzymes ENZYME proteins Transferases Predicted intracellular proteins Transcription factors Basic domains Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0000977 [RNA polymerase II regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0000980 [RNA polymerase II distal enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0001076 [transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II transcription factor binding] GO:0001102 [RNA polymerase II activating transcription factor binding] GO:0001158 [enhancer sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0001228 [transcriptional activator activity, RNA polymerase II transcription regulatory region sequence-specific binding] GO:0002224 [toll-like receptor signaling pathway] GO:0002755 [MyD88-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway] GO:0002756 [MyD88-independent toll-like receptor signaling pathway] GO:0003700 [transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0003705 [transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II distal enhancer sequence-specific binding] GO:0003713 [transcription coactivator activity] GO:0004402 [histone acetyltransferase activity] GO:0005515 [protein binding] GO:0005634 [nucleus] GO:0005654 [nucleoplasm] GO:0005737 [cytoplasm] GO:0005741 [mitochondrial outer membrane] GO:0006325 [chromatin organization] GO:0006355 [regulation of transcription, DNA-templated] GO:0006357 [regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter] GO:0006970 [response to osmotic stress] GO:0006974 [cellular response to DNA damage stimulus] GO:0008140 [cAMP response element binding protein binding] GO:0016573 [histone acetylation] GO:0019901 [protein kinase binding] GO:0031573 [intra-S DNA damage checkpoint] GO:0034134 [toll-like receptor 2 signaling pathway] GO:0034138 [toll-like receptor 3 signaling pathway] GO:0034142 [toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathway] GO:0034146 [toll-like receptor 5 signaling pathway] GO:0034162 [toll-like receptor 9 signaling pathway] GO:0034166 [toll-like receptor 10 signaling pathway] GO:0035497 [cAMP response element binding] GO:0035666 [TRIF-dependent toll-like receptor signaling pathway] GO:0035861 [site of double-strand break] GO:0038123 [toll-like receptor TLR1:TLR2 signaling pathway] GO:0038124 [toll-like receptor TLR6:TLR2 signaling pathway] GO:0043565 [sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0045087 [innate immune response] GO:0045944 [positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter] GO:0046872 [metal ion binding] GO:0051090 [regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity] GO:0051091 [positive regulation of sequence-specific DNA binding transcription factor activity] GO:0051403 [stress-activated MAPK cascade] GO:1902110 [positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process]
Predicted intracellular proteins Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0003700 [transcription factor activity, sequence-specific DNA binding] GO:0005654 [nucleoplasm] GO:0006355 [regulation of transcription, DNA-templated] GO:0006357 [regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter] GO:0043565 [sequence-specific DNA binding]