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Rare cases of gliomas showed weak nuclear positivity. One case of head & neck cancer showed strong granular staining. A few testicular, gastric and pancreatic cancers showed weak to moderate staining. Remaining cancer tissues were negative.
GENE INFORMATION
Gene name
GREM1 (HGNC Symbol)
Synonyms
CKTSF1B1, CRAC1, DAND2, DRM, gremlin, HMPS
Description
Gremlin 1, DAN family BMP antagonist (HGNC Symbol)
Entrez gene summary
This gene encodes a member of the BMP (bone morphogenic protein) antagonist family. Like BMPs, BMP antagonists contain cystine knots and typically form homo- and heterodimers. The CAN (cerberus and dan) subfamily of BMP antagonists, to which this gene belongs, is characterized by a C-terminal cystine knot with an eight-membered ring. The antagonistic effect of the secreted glycosylated protein encoded by this gene is likely due to its direct binding to BMP proteins. As an antagonist of BMP, this gene may play a role in regulating organogenesis, body patterning, and tissue differentiation. In mouse, this protein has been shown to relay the sonic hedgehog (SHH) signal from the polarizing region to the apical ectodermal ridge during limb bud outgrowth. Alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2010]
MEMSAT3 predicted membrane proteins Predicted secreted proteins Secreted proteins predicted by MDSEC SignalP predicted secreted proteins Phobius predicted secreted proteins SPOCTOPUS predicted secreted proteins Disease related genes Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
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GO:0000902 [cell morphogenesis] GO:0001525 [angiogenesis] GO:0001658 [branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis] GO:0002042 [cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis] GO:0002092 [positive regulation of receptor internalization] GO:0002689 [negative regulation of leukocyte chemotaxis] GO:0003257 [positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in myocardial precursor cell differentiation] GO:0003337 [mesenchymal to epithelial transition involved in metanephros morphogenesis] GO:0005125 [cytokine activity] GO:0005515 [protein binding] GO:0005615 [extracellular space] GO:0006915 [apoptotic process] GO:0007165 [signal transduction] GO:0007171 [activation of transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity] GO:0007267 [cell-cell signaling] GO:0008284 [positive regulation of cell proliferation] GO:0009887 [organ morphogenesis] GO:0009954 [proximal/distal pattern formation] GO:0009986 [cell surface] GO:0010717 [regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition] GO:0016015 [morphogen activity] GO:0030199 [collagen fibril organization] GO:0030297 [transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activator activity] GO:0030308 [negative regulation of cell growth] GO:0030326 [embryonic limb morphogenesis] GO:0030502 [negative regulation of bone mineralization] GO:0030514 [negative regulation of BMP signaling pathway] GO:0032331 [negative regulation of chondrocyte differentiation] GO:0033689 [negative regulation of osteoblast proliferation] GO:0036122 [BMP binding] GO:0042346 [positive regulation of NF-kappaB import into nucleus] GO:0043066 [negative regulation of apoptotic process] GO:0043184 [vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 binding] GO:0043542 [endothelial cell migration] GO:0045766 [positive regulation of angiogenesis] GO:0045892 [negative regulation of transcription, DNA-templated] GO:0045893 [positive regulation of transcription, DNA-templated] GO:0045944 [positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter] GO:0046851 [negative regulation of bone remodeling] GO:0048018 [receptor agonist activity] GO:0048263 [determination of dorsal identity] GO:0051092 [positive regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activity] GO:0051893 [regulation of focal adhesion assembly] GO:0051973 [positive regulation of telomerase activity] GO:0060173 [limb development] GO:0060394 [negative regulation of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation] GO:0060676 [ureteric bud formation] GO:0061098 [positive regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity] GO:0090027 [negative regulation of monocyte chemotaxis] GO:0090090 [negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway] GO:0090190 [positive regulation of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis] GO:0090191 [negative regulation of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis] GO:0090291 [negative regulation of osteoclast proliferation] GO:1900086 [positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation] GO:1900155 [negative regulation of bone trabecula formation] GO:1900158 [negative regulation of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation] GO:2000273 [positive regulation of receptor activity] GO:2000727 [positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell differentiation]
MEMSAT3 predicted membrane proteins Predicted secreted proteins Secreted proteins predicted by MDSEC SignalP predicted secreted proteins Phobius predicted secreted proteins SPOCTOPUS predicted secreted proteins Disease related genes Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
Show all
GO:0000902 [cell morphogenesis] GO:0002042 [cell migration involved in sprouting angiogenesis] GO:0002092 [positive regulation of receptor internalization] GO:0003257 [positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter involved in myocardial precursor cell differentiation] GO:0005125 [cytokine activity] GO:0005515 [protein binding] GO:0005615 [extracellular space] GO:0007165 [signal transduction] GO:0008284 [positive regulation of cell proliferation] GO:0010717 [regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition] GO:0016015 [morphogen activity] GO:0030199 [collagen fibril organization] GO:0030297 [transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activator activity] GO:0030502 [negative regulation of bone mineralization] GO:0030514 [negative regulation of BMP signaling pathway] GO:0032331 [negative regulation of chondrocyte differentiation] GO:0033689 [negative regulation of osteoblast proliferation] GO:0036122 [BMP binding] GO:0043066 [negative regulation of apoptotic process] GO:0043184 [vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 binding] GO:0045944 [positive regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter] GO:0046851 [negative regulation of bone remodeling] GO:0048018 [receptor agonist activity] GO:0048263 [determination of dorsal identity] GO:0051973 [positive regulation of telomerase activity] GO:0060173 [limb development] GO:0060394 [negative regulation of pathway-restricted SMAD protein phosphorylation] GO:0090027 [negative regulation of monocyte chemotaxis] GO:0090090 [negative regulation of canonical Wnt signaling pathway] GO:0090291 [negative regulation of osteoclast proliferation] GO:1900086 [positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine autophosphorylation] GO:1900155 [negative regulation of bone trabecula formation] GO:1900158 [negative regulation of bone mineralization involved in bone maturation] GO:2000273 [positive regulation of receptor activity] GO:2000727 [positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell differentiation]