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Moderate to strong membranous immunoreactivity, often accompanied with weak cytoplasmic staining, in a few cases of most cancer types. Most melanoma and cervical cancer cases were strongly stained.
Tumor stroma showed distinct positivity. Most cancers displayed strong membranous immunoreactivity. Testis cancer cases were negative.
GENE INFORMATION
Gene name
CD44 (HGNC Symbol)
Synonyms
CD44R, CSPG8, HCELL, IN, MC56, MDU2, MDU3, MIC4, Pgp1
Description
CD44 molecule (Indian blood group) (HGNC Symbol)
Entrez gene summary
The protein encoded by this gene is a cell-surface glycoprotein involved in cell-cell interactions, cell adhesion and migration. It is a receptor for hyaluronic acid (HA) and can also interact with other ligands, such as osteopontin, collagens, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). This protein participates in a wide variety of cellular functions including lymphocyte activation, recirculation and homing, hematopoiesis, and tumor metastasis. Transcripts for this gene undergo complex alternative splicing that results in many functionally distinct isoforms, however, the full length nature of some of these variants has not been determined. Alternative splicing is the basis for the structural and functional diversity of this protein, and may be related to tumor metastasis. [provided by RefSeq, Jul 2008]
CD markers Blood group antigen proteins THUMBUP predicted membrane proteins Predicted secreted proteins Secreted proteins predicted by MDSEC SignalP predicted secreted proteins Phobius predicted secreted proteins SPOCTOPUS predicted secreted proteins Plasma proteins Cancer-related genes Candidate cancer biomarkers FDA approved drug targets Small molecule drugs Protein evidence (Kim et al 2014) Protein evidence (Ezkurdia et al 2014)
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GO:0004415 [hyalurononglucosaminidase activity] GO:0004896 [cytokine receptor activity] GO:0005515 [protein binding] GO:0005518 [collagen binding] GO:0005540 [hyaluronic acid binding] GO:0005737 [cytoplasm] GO:0005794 [Golgi apparatus] GO:0005886 [plasma membrane] GO:0005887 [integral component of plasma membrane] GO:0005925 [focal adhesion] GO:0005975 [carbohydrate metabolic process] GO:0007155 [cell adhesion] GO:0007160 [cell-matrix adhesion] GO:0007596 [blood coagulation] GO:0009986 [cell surface] GO:0016337 [single organismal cell-cell adhesion] GO:0019221 [cytokine-mediated signaling pathway] GO:0022617 [extracellular matrix disassembly] GO:0030198 [extracellular matrix organization] GO:0030203 [glycosaminoglycan metabolic process] GO:0030212 [hyaluronan metabolic process] GO:0030214 [hyaluronan catabolic process] GO:0033138 [positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation] GO:0034116 [positive regulation of heterotypic cell-cell adhesion] GO:0035692 [macrophage migration inhibitory factor receptor complex] GO:0043066 [negative regulation of apoptotic process] GO:0043154 [negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process] GO:0043518 [negative regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator] GO:0044281 [small molecule metabolic process] GO:0044344 [cellular response to fibroblast growth factor stimulus] GO:0050731 [positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation] GO:0050900 [leukocyte migration] GO:0051216 [cartilage development] GO:0060333 [interferon-gamma-mediated signaling pathway] GO:0070062 [extracellular exosome] GO:0070374 [positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade] GO:0070487 [monocyte aggregation] GO:1900625 [positive regulation of monocyte aggregation] GO:1902166 [negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator]